Safety first: beware gases, falls, assassination

“A prudent man foresees the difficulties ahead and prepares for them; the simpleton goes blindly on and suffers the consequences.” ___ Proverbs 22:3

 Not all the danger was in the mine

By Rob Carrigan, robcarrigan1@gmail.com

Since the beginning of time, we have been concerned for our own safety. It was no different for miners and others in Victor, Colo. in 1904, as evident in pages of the Victor Daily Record at the time.

Those folks seemed to have a lot to be concerned about. 

Jan. 18, 1904, in the Record:

"Overcome by four gases caused by blast made a few minutes before Edward Oatman, a well known  leaser residing at 414 Firth Street, this city, while coming up the ladderway on block 5 shaft of the Ajax property at 3 o'clock yesterday afternoon suddenly became unconscious and missing his grip on the landing dropped  a distance of twelve feet into the shaft to the bottom. He accompanied by his partner in the lease, W.A. Huntley, the well-known barber, had been working on the property for the greater part of the day and after making the blast determined to take samples of the ore loosened by the round of shots."

The daily paper continues.

"According to their determination the two men at 2:45 o'clock climbed down the ladderway and after remaining at the bottom for 15 minutes in which they obtained the desired samples they started to the surface Oatman in the lead and Huntley following closely. While in the drift both men remarked about the gas arising therefrom and just before making their accent Huntley asked Oatman if the gases had bothered him whereupon Oatman relied in the negative."

"According to Huntley Oatman had just reached the landing twelve feet from the station when he suddenly let go of his hold on the ladder and fell backward into space. Huntley tried to break the fall , but Oatman who is a heavy man was not to be caught and with a heavy thud hit the bottom of the shaft. Huntley called to his partner several times, but without a response, and fearing that death had resulted from the fall he climbed to the surface and the assistance of W.C. Miller and the boss on the McDonald lease on block 4 of the property, were summoned. The two latter men descended to the bottom ad not finding Oatman anywhere started back into the drift where they found him in an unconscious condition on the newly made pile of muck. He evidently wandered there in an effort for fresh air. As soon as the men reached the stope where Oatman was found they applied the air and dragging him under the pipe revived him considerably otherwise death would have probably ensued."

Unfortunately, accidents were not few and far between in the mines of district in those days and the stories did not always have positive endings.

May 24, 1904, in the Record:

"Robert J. Orr, 42 years of age and single, stepped off bucket at the 300 foot level at the Jack Pot mine at 12:35 o'clock yesterday afternoon and dropped to the bottom of the shaft, a distance of 186 feet to his instant death."

"Deceased had been a resident of Cripple Creek for the past ten or twelve years and was well known and highly respected. He has mined nearly all the time he has lived here. "

The paper explained what happened when the men, returning to work after lunch were descending in the Morning Glory cage to the 700 foot level.

"The Bucket stopped off at the 300 foot level and (two miners) Wilcox and Hutchinson got off. Buiderbeck (riding with victim Orr in the cage) had turned partially from Orr and was reaching for the bell cord to ring to descend. Mr. Orr must have thought he was at the bottom of the shaft and he stepped off the bucket and fell feet foremost to the bottom hitting the bottom of the shaft on his feet. His left side was crushed and nearly every bone in his body was broken. Death was instantaneous. The other three men saw him fall and could see the body for 100 feet. It was upright, and his arms were outspread. They descended immediately and had him hauled to the surface in less than five minutes time. He was dead when the men reached him."

But accidents were not the only dangers in district. Labor and management were at odds (or really, at war) and even the Postmaster might be targeted for simple acts or possible testimony.  Several years later, the various parties were still sorting it out.

May 17, 1906, in the Record:

"The exclusive announcement in the The Record yesterday morning to the effect the rumors were afloat that Postmaster D.M. Sullivan was the victim of a heinous plot of assassination brought to the people of the district to the full realization of the length to which men may go in their insane greed for power and money. It also brought many to the side of Sullivan, who swore eternal revenge should such a crime be perpetrated. The announcement of the plot in the Record, however unquestionably frustrated the carrying out of any such murder, if one had been planned or calculated. Sheriff Edward Bell about Two o'clock yesterday afternoon sent Deputy Sheriff Harley Keegan to the Postmaster Sullivan at the postoffice and offered to give him any protection: to supply a deputy as his special body guard both day and night, if he had any fear of personal violence."

Sullivan said to Keegan: "I have not the least fear. I do not carry any guns or any other weapons save those furnished by nature. I am amply able to care for myself, and should I be killed it will be the work of some cur shooting me in the back. You can go back to Mr. Bell and thank him for his offer for protection, but I do not need it. You may also tell Mr. Bell that the man who said I would be under the sod before the Grand Jury would be called next week was no one else than Sheriff Bell himself."

Photo Information: The Miner’s Union Hall in Victor, Colorado in 1904.

 

Search for the truth depends on the storyteller

Preparing for a lynching, photo taken 1904.

Colorado National Guard soldiers prepare to lynch a man during the labor strike in Cripple Creek, Colo., throughout the room many hold rifles with bayonets. One National Guardsman holds the end of a rope that is slung over a light fixture and knotted around a man's neck. The victim may be Sheriff Henry Robertson. He stands on a chair with his hands behind back. Chairs are scattered throughout the room. Hand-written on envelope. "C-Military,Strikes, Cripple Creek, 1903-04."Colorado Historical Society, Original Photographs Collection.

Take a step back, look at passion involved

By Rob Carrigan, robcarrigan1@gmail.com

This week, after marking the Labor Day holiday, it strikes me as important to step back and take a look at the passion involved in previous labor fights here in Teller County. The district was watched by the rest of world when violence broke out and martial law was declared early in the last century. Western Federation of Miners and labor strife at the turn of the century in Cripple Creek and Telluride became emblematic for labor unrest around the country, and the world watched.

But it is also true that you can’t take that look without the constraints and filters of considering who is telling the tale. As always, there is at least two sides to every story. That point was brought home to me by the attached photo.

Historian Marshall Sprague and others called it "the Black Time." Sprague referenced the events depicted above this way in Money Mountain:The Story of Cripple Creek Gold, after the dynamiting of the Independence rail platform killed 13 non-union miners and injured scores more.

"Clarence Hamlin, of the Mine Owners' Association, called a mass meeting at 3 p.m., Monday (June 6, 1904). As early as noon, gold camp resident began converging on Victor. Hamlin and others persuaded Sheriff Robertson, a W.F.M. sympathizer, to resign. Their persuasion was the threat to hang him. Ed Bell became sheriff."

Emma Langdon, of the Victor Record and author of The Cripple Creek Strike, noted that on Sunday, June 5, the day before, Sheriff Robertson had issued a statement outlining his objections to Governor James Peabody declaring martial law in the district.

From Teller County Sheriff H.M. Robertson statement, (before the threat of hanging by the National Guard soldiers):

"TO THE PUBLIC - The commission sent by the governor of the state of Colorado to investigate the strike situation in Teller county, called me at midnight Thursday, the 3rd inst. I went to the National hotel at Cripple Creek, and reached there about 12:30 a.m. Friday morning Sept. 4. I was with the commission about two hours and fully explained the situation. I stated to the commission I had the authority to employ all the deputies I needed; that I had the situation in hand; that I had made arrests and was going to make more; that there was no trouble. Within three hours after I left the commission, the members thereof departed for Denver. There is no occasion for militia here. I can handle the situation. There is no trouble in the district and there has been none. No unusual assembly of men. Saloons closed at midnight. The sending of troops here is a usurpation on the part of the governor. I believe the action of the governor will have much to do toward injuring the district to such an extent it will be a long time before recovery will be had. As sheriff of Teller county, I do solemnly protest against the militia being sent here at this time."

Robertson, not surprisingly, decided against continued service. Ed Bell became sheriff.

Colorado National Guard is posted with shielded Gatling Gun in front of the Mining Exchange Building on Bennett Avenue in Cripple Creek during Western Federation of Miners strike in 1903-1904. Western History/Genealogy Collection, Denver Public Library.

Guns and dynamite: Warford shoots from the hip

He became a troubleshooter to aid the effort to rid the district of unionism

 By Rob Carrigan, robcarrigan1@gmail.com

Guns and dynamite, badges and bullets, labor versus mine owners – saddle them up with a talent for shooting (accurately) from the hips and mix in a reputation as a bad man, and a picture of Jim (Lambert) Warford emerges.

“People in Independence didn’t think much of him but knowing his reputation as a bad man, they kept their mouths shut,” wrote Mabel Barbee Lee in her classic 1958 book Cripple Creek Days.

“He boasted too loudly about his sharp-shooting prowess and seemed proud of the fact both his father and grandfather barely escaped lynching because of their gun scrapes. Only a few years before, Jim himself, who had been Tom Horn’s chief triggerman during the Wyoming range wars, had fled to Colorado when Tom was finally caught and strung up. He hid out in the mining camps over in the San Juans, which at the time were involved bloody labor battles. But Jim couldn’t keep his presence secret for long. Two pistols which he could fire simultaneously from the hips always hung from his cartridge belt, and he never missed his target whether it was the heart of man or the beady eye of a blue jay. Few mortals, aware of the notches on his guns, had the temerity to start arguing with Jim Warford.”

According to the Daviess County Historical Society in Pattonsburg, MO, where Warford grew up as Jim Lambert, he lived in Independence Camp and became associated with the mine owners and prominent members of the Citizen Alliance.

“He soon became a troubleshooter to aid the effort to rid the district of unionism,” according to the society.

“His reputation spread with the shooting of Deputy Constables Miller and Lebo in the streets of Goldfield, Colo. Jim Lambert killed Miller and Lebo in self defense at the polling place ‘in an action of true grit.’”

Stories vary however on what really happened that Election Day, Nov. 9, 1904 Lambert (Warford) when he killed the two men.

“A cousin of the desperado, Tom Lambert of Pattonburg, says both men were shot at the same time, one gunshot each from the two guns in the hands of a man wearing a white hat. Both shots took effect at about the same place on both men,” according to Daviess County Historical Society.

According to Michelle Rozell, who at the time was manager of the Cripple Creek Outlaws and Lawmen Jail Museum, “Warford was one of the deputy sheriffs charged with seeing that all went well in the pro-union town of Goldfield. At election time in November of 1904, Warford ran across Isaac Leibo and Chris Miller, both constables at Goldfield. The two lawmen were sitting on a fence near a polling place. Warford told them to move on. They just sat on the fence with their hands in their pockets, so Warford whipped out his pistols and killed them both. Warford was quickly jailed.

“According to Warford’s story, he fired in self defense. According to the autopsy report, the two men were shot in the back. Warford was in and out of jail for years. As sentiment wavered, charges were dropped and re-filed.”

The Election Day ‘gun fight’ brought Warford (Lambert) five years but the Governor of Colorado, according to the Daviess County Historical Society, eventually pardoned him.

Warford (Lambert) had already enhanced his reputation in the district with other incidents as author Mabel Barbee Lee noted in her book.

“As the deportation lengthened, Sheriff Ed Bell and his deputy, Jim Warford, grew so ruthless that women trembled at the mere mention of their names. Then the commander of the troops said that something should be done to put a stop to the pro-labor editorials in the Victor Daily Record. ‘They are likely to incite riots,’ he asserted, ‘and lead to the destruction of life and property. A raid on the plant might teach the radicals a lesson or two.’ The job went to triggerman Jim Warford. As herded the editor and four members of the staff toward the door, Jim stopped and looked back at the wreckage. Only the big clock on the wall was running as usual. It angered the deputy sheriff and, letting out a string of oaths, he shot off the clock’s minute hand. ‘There by God,’ he shouted, booting the editor, ‘that’ll learn you to mark time an’ get in step.”

Information from FindAGrave.com notes that Warford (Lambert) came to a violent end himself in 1912.

“On April 17, 1912, Jim Warford's body was found frozen on Battle Mountain near Victor in Teller County. He was riddled with bullet holes. His Savage 30-30 rifle and someone's sack of dynamite sticks were found near the body. The Teller County Sheriff said he believed Warford was killed the night of April 11 since Warford's Colt .45 revolvers were pawned in Colorado Springs the next day by a person using Jim's name.

Jim Warford's murder was never solved despite much investigation. James Hanover Warford was buried April 21, 1912, at the Sunnyside Cemetery. Mr. R.E. Maupin, a Pattonsburg banker, paid for the services. Jim's effects included a signet ring, a belt with buckle reading "Deputy Sheriff of the Black Hills," and a star showing Jim may have been a deputy sheriff of Elkhorn, Nev. Jim was married to his cousin Sarah Adaline Rhoades, they married in Daviess County, MO., 20 Feb 1894. Jim and Addie, had three children Mable, Theodesia, and Freda Warford. James and Addie divorced prior to his murder.”

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Photo information:

Victor Strike, June 6, 1904

Western Federation of Miners workers stand in a group and hold rifles in an empty lot in Victor. Colorado Historical Society, Original photographs collection.

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Conversations on Cripple Creek strike

Colorado National Guard is posted with shielded Gatling Gun in front of the Mining Exchange Building on Bennett Avenue in Cripple Creek during Western Federation of Miners strike in 1903. Western History/Genealogy Collection, Denver Public Library.

From: rtmyers@h2net.net

To: rcarrigan61@msn.com

Subject: Cripple Creek

Date: Fri, 15 Jul 2011 14:46:14 -0600

Greetings, I have read your blog posts on Cripple Creek with interest.

In regards to the strikingly different narratives, I would be interested to hear your evaluation of the testimony about the Colorado National Guard's role during the 1903-04 strike by Major Francis J. Ellison (and other related testimony), which seems to have been forgotten about until very recently.

best wishes,

richard myers

Denver, Colorado

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From: Robert Carrigan

To: rtmyers@h2net.net

Sent: Tuesday, July 19, 2011 9:34 AM

Subject: RE: Cripple Creek

Hi Richard:

I honestly haven't read the testimony but I'm very interested. Where is it available? I am always scouting for different takes on the labor conflict there and in Telluride as it relates to the WFM. You are correct about different threads of the story going in different directions. That is one of the reasons I find it so compelling. What is your perception? Thank you. ___ Rob

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From: rtmyers@h2net.net

To: rcarrigan61@msn.com

Subject: Re: Cripple Creek

Date: Tue, 19 Jul 2011 12:43:14 -0600

Hi, thanks very much for the reply.

Here is a brief account of Ellison's astonishing testimony:

Further light on the miners' troubles in Colorado (p. 372) alluded to above has been shed by two members of the Colorado militia, one of them a commissioned officer. The officer, Major Francis J. Ellison, has sworn to the following affidavit, made public at Denver on the 29th:

State of Colorado, City and County of Denver—Francis J. Ellison, being first duly sworn, upon his oath deposes and says: That on the 12th day of December, 1903, at the request of Adjutant General Sherman M. Bell, I went to the Cripple Creek district on special military duty, and from that time have been continuously in the service of the State, both in the Cripple Creek district and in the Trinidad district. When General Bell first sent me to Victor I offered him certain evidence in regard to the perpetrators of the Vindicator explosion, which he has failed to follow up, but which would have led to the arrest and conviction of the men who are responsible for the placing of that infernal machine. At about the 20th of January, 1904, by order of the adjutant of Teller County military district, and under special direction of Major T. E. McClelland and General F. M. Reardon, who was the Governor's confidential adviser regarding the conditions in that district, a series of street fights were commenced between men of Victor and soldiers of the National Guard on duty there. Each fight was planned by General Reardon or Major McClelland and carried out under their actual direction. Major McClelland's instructions were literally to knock them down, knock their teeth down their throats, bend in their faces, kick in their ribs and do everything except kill them. These fights continued more or less frequently up to the 22d of March. About the middle of February General Reardon called me into Major McClelland's office and asked me if I had a man in whom I could place absolute confidence. I called in Sergeant J. A. Chase, Troop C, First Cavalry, N. G. C., and, in the presence of Sergeant Chase, he stated to me that, owing to the refusal of the Mine Owners' Association to furnish the necessary money to meet the payroll of the troops, it had become necessary to take some steps to force them to put up the cash, and he desired me to take Sergeant Chase and hold up or shoot the men coming off shift at the Vindicator mine at 2 o'clock in the morning. I told General Reardon that I was under the impression that most of these men caught the electric car that stopped at the shaft house so that such a plan would be impracticable. He then said to me that the same end could be reached if I would take the sergeant and fire fifty or sixty shots into the Vindicator shaft house at some time during the night. Owing to circumstances making it impossible for Sergeant Chase to accompany me, I took Sergeant Gordon Walter of the same troop and organization, and that same night did at about 12:30 o'clock fire repeatedly into the Vindicator and Lillie shaft house. Something like sixty shots were fired from our revolvers at this time. Afterwards we mounted our horses and rode into Victor and into the Military Club, reporting in person to General Reardon and Major McClelland. The next day General Reardon directed me to take Sergeant Walter and look over the ground in the rear of the Findlay mine with a view of repeating the performance there, but before the plan could be carried out General Reardon countermanded the order, stating his reason to be that the mine owners had promised to put up the necessary money the next day, which, as a matter of fact, they did. General Reardon, in giving me directions regarding the shooting up of the Vindicator shaft house, stated that Governor Peabody, General Bell, he himself, and I were the only ones who knew anything about the plan.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Labor_Wars#The_Colorado_National_Guard_insures_its_status

One original source is here:

http://books.google.com/books?id=WidHAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:AYlGAQAAIAAJ&hl=en&ei=WM0lTqq_NM3isQLK5YGGDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFQQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=Ellison&f=false

My friend MaryJoy Martin, who wrote the fascinating account of the WFM in Telluride, The Corpse on Boomerang Road, has sent me some news clippings that confirm this history. But i haven't dived into the research yet. Seems rather surprising that this part of the Cripple Creek history had been lost up until just now.

MaryJoy's book demonstrates that the traditional interpretation of these histories can sometimes be entirely erroneous. Indeed, i have a friend in Denver who spent five years researching a book about labor icon Joe Hill, and uncovered a letter that essentially vindicates Joe Hill, offering strong circumstantial evidence that Joe Hill was innocent of the crime for which he was executed. (It will be published in August.)

I'm convinced that there is yet much to learn.

I look forward to discussing this with you further, after you've had a chance to digest this new information.

best wishes,

richard myers

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----- Original Message -----

From: Robert Carrigan

To: rtmyers@h2net.net

Sent: Wednesday, July 20, 2011 8:53 AM

Subject: RE: Cripple Creek

Hi Richard:

Thank you. Please tell me more about this testimony. Where has it resided all these years and where is it located now? Why do you think it wasn't part of original narratives and what is its significance today? I have read Mary Joy Martin's "Corpse on Boomerang Road" and have found it very well researched and enjoyable to read. I don't quite agree with all of her conclusions, but nevertheless, find the exploration refreshing in the questions she asks of traditional accounts. I agree with you completely that there is always much to learn and that traditional histories (to some extent, all histories) are subject to error, manipulation and influenced by the whims of public perception and those wanting to shape that perception. I'm very interested in the Joe Hill story and look forward to a new look. Thank you very much for calling this information to my attention. ___ Rob

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From: rtmyers@h2net.net

To: rcarrigan61@msn.com

Subject: Re: Cripple Creek

Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2011 19:41:11 -0600

I've read through the Rocky account of the Ellison testimony at the "secret proceedings."

It appears to be smoking gun material.

The Colorado National Guard not only covertly took the side of the companies against the unions (as even Sherman Bell once asserted), they also engaged in routine beatings, systematic illegal expulsions of strikers, probable voter fraud committed in favor of the Republican ticket, and they coordinated their activities with mobs directed by local Republican leadership.

But the Colorado National Guard had a problem. Major Ellison was a principled officer who continuously tried to do the right thing, even when it must have been obvious that all other officers were routinely committing criminal acts, and that their intent was to prevent him from hindering their plans.

They assigned him to Denver during the general election. But he worked against the National Guard's general officers' schemes during the election. For example, when other National Guard elements were reporting that there was a partisan mob evicting Republican poll watchers and attacking the National Guard elements protecting the Berkeley precinct (in downtown Denver) to which Ellison had been ordered to proceed, Ellison reported that no such mob existed.

The other officers and troopers, equipped with riot guns but in civilian clothing, excluded him from a subsequent action, having filled an automobile so that there was no room for him.

They shipped him back to the Cripple Creek District, where depravations continued, and where he continued to be at odds with other officers.

The National Guard intentionally looked the other way when union men were being harrassed and beaten. They stood down in their barracks in order for such attacks to go unmolested by soldiers on duty. They purposely avoided collection of any information that could have led to the arrest of mobs committing crimes, led by Republican leaders, and carrying out terror attacks from robberies to expulsions to beatings to theft to trashing union cooperative stores.

His testimony is substantiated by others, although i haven't read those accounts yet.

But consider those Rocky headlines: "AMAZING OUTRAGES" that were perpetrated by "Pretended Guardians of Law and Order"

That's strong stuff.

Astonishing that such sensational testimony was somehow ignored by historians and participants. Emma Langdon (The Cripple Creek Strike) doesn't mention it. Rastall (he Labor History of the Cripple Creek District, A Study in Industrial Evolution) doesn't mention Ellison. Elizabeth Jameson (All That Glitters) mentions Ellison, but has only a minor reference to this information, and she has informed me that she is shocked to learn these details. I've got a copy of Bill Haywood's autobiography, and i'll have to check it to be sure. But i don't recall him mentioning any of this either.

very curious...

richard myers

Richard Myers

‪‪Richard Myers‬‬
‪rtmyers@h2net.net‬





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----- Original Message -----

From: Robert Carrigan

To: rtmyers@h2net.net

Sent: Friday, July 22, 2011 9:32 AM

Subject: RE: Cripple Creek

Thanks again. Very interesting indeed. ___ Rob

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Re: Cripple Creek‏

To see messages related to this one, group messages by conversation.

7/22/11

Richard Myers

‪‪Richard Myers‬‬
‪rtmyers@h2net.net‬





Send email

The next step, i suppose, is to ask, what does all of this mean?

Ellison offered evidence on the looting of one of the cooperative stores, which he witnessed. His offer to identify the leaders of the looters was ignored.

Likewise, with several of the whitecappings, beatings, and expulsions.

In one case, he described the troop having been ordered to stand down at the barracks at 10:00 o:clock because trouble was expected. His offer to have horses saddled and ready was countermanded. When word of trouble did arrive at 11:30, the troop saddled up and proceeded to a road junction. It appeared to Ellison that a group of whitecappers, whom they were supposedly chasing, had taken the left fork. In spite of this, Ellison's superior ordered the troop to take the right fork. They met a National Guard patrol on that road which had come from Cripple Creek, from the other direction, and which had not seen anything. Ellison's superior ordered the troop to return to barracks, rather than take the left fork. Ellison later traveled the left fork on his own initiative, and discovered evidence left behind by the whitecappers and their victims.

He also offered evidence or information relating to the bombing of the Vindicator, which killed two company men. This offer was also ignored. Unfortunately, i haven't found any indication of what Ellison knew about the Vindicator bombing.

Peter Carlson's "Roughneck", a biography of Bill Haywood, devotes ten or more pages to how Pinkerton honcho James McParland carefully coaxed Orchard into "confessing" that he was working with the Western Federation of Miners. McParland threatened immediate hanging if Orchard didn't comply, but also dangled freedom and a reward in front of him if he did comply. Having accepted, and working under McParland to write the confession, one can see how probable it may have been for Orchard to falsify his account.

Here's a description of Orchard which i wrote for Wikipedia:

During the Haywood trial Orchard confessed to serving as a paid informant for the Mine Owners Association.[23] He reportedly told a companion, G.L. Brokaw, that he had been a Pinkerton employee for some time.[24] He was also a bigamist, and admitted to abandoning wives in Canada and Cripple Creek. He had burned businesses for the insurance money in Cripple Creek and Canada.[25] Orchard had burglarized a railroad depot, rifled a cash register, stole sheep, and had made plans to kidnap children over a debt. He also sold fraudulent insurance policies.[26] Orchard's confession to McParland took responsibility for seventeen or more murders.[27]

Much of this is "confirmed" in his published confession (subject to how reliable that confession is, of course).

http://www.rebelgraphics.org/wfmhall/history.html

One cannot easily falsify acquired knowledge, however. I'm convinced Orchard was a calculating bomber, because his confession describes experimenting to develop the infernal machine trigger mechanism.

The Steunenberg murder seems a rather obvious foul deed committed by Orchard. Yet that assassination is somewhat isolated from the Cripple Creek doings. The question then becomes, which of the depravities did Orchard commit, and then, under whose orders?

I expect that Orchard probably did commit the Vindicator bombing. Harry Orchard's published account provides a quite convincing description, even claiming that he made an error in selecting the level of the mine for setting the bomb. (Much less convincing is his narrative about who hired him to set the bomb.)

But to me the much larger question is, who committed the Independence Depot bombing, which killed thirteen strike breakers? The information that i've uncovered so far is much more murky. But it could fit into the general pattern of actions by the Colorado National Guard to which Ellison testified. That is, the National Guard may not have committed all of the notorious criminal acts themselves. Yet they may have coordinated their actions in order to allow the criminal acts to be committed, without danger of soldiers shooting the wrong persons.

What may already be available related to the Independence Depot bombing? Some interesting clues. Indeed, there was another "Ellison" during the Cripple Creek strike, and his name was A. C. Cole. This is from the Colorado Labor Wars account on Wikipedia. The "explosion" refers to the Independence Station attack:

A.C. Cole was a former Victor high school teacher and Republican who served as secretary of the Victor Citizens' Alliance, and a second lieutenant of Company L, which fired upon the WFM union hall on the day of the depot explosion. He testified that preparations by the Victor militia had already been underway for the anticipated "riot" in the days preceding the explosion, and that they anticipated the specific date of a significant unspecified event. He had earlier been asked to participate in creating some sort of provocation, and refused. As a result of that refusal he was dismissed from his position with the Citizens' Alliance five days before the Independence Depot explosion occurred.[160]

Cole stated that most of the militia and prominent members of the Citizens' Alliance stayed at the Baltimore Hotel in Victor the night before the explosion. A militia captain exhibited excitement and anticipation when he checked arms and supplies that night before the explosion. Cole testified that "It was generally understood and freely discussed that a riot was to be precipitated."[160] Other members of the Victor militia corroborated Cole's story. Also, a sergeant in the Cripple Creek militia testified that he saw a murder committed by two Mine Owners' Association gunmen to keep someone quiet about the Independence depot explosion.[161] There was additional testimony that the mine owners had plotted the Independence depot explosion, but had not intended to take lives.[162] A couple of individuals stated, in effect, that a change of the work shift had put the non-union workers onto the depot platform at the wrong time.[163]

Tantalizing, but not nearly enough from which to draw solid conclusions.

best wishes,

richard myers

Re: Cripple Creek‏

Richard Myers

‪‪Richard Myers‬‬
‪rtmyers@h2net.net‬





I just received a reply from Dr. George G. Suggs, Jr., who wrote the first modern era book about the Cripple Creek strike.

Wanted to share his email:

Mr. Myers,

Thank you for forwarding that very interesting piece concerning an episode in the Cripple Creek strike of 1903-04. I am glad to know that someone still finds that remarkable occurrence of so long ago still interesting and important enough to continue researching the event. In my work on the strike, I combed through every page of Peabody's Papers located in the Colorado Archives and I never came across the affidavit that you forwarded. Unfortunately, the papers of the Adjutant General Sherman Bell were scanty indeed, which, I suppose, would have been the logical resting place for such a document. Moyers and Haywood--and the general membership of the WFM--were always convinced that the Mine Owners Association employed agent provocateurs for dirty work to blame on the union. The affidavit suggests that what they believed was true and, what's worse, the Peabody Administration was deeply involved but for perhaps a different set of reasons, that is, the ebbing inclination of the mineowners to pay for the military activities in the district during a relative quiet period during the winter of 1903-04. I suppose that the desire to destroy the WFM was so strong that Peabody and state officials and employers, particularly the mine owners, felt justify in using any tactic to accomplish that goal. The affidavit reflects that willingness to smirch the reputation of the state and the Colorado National Guard in order to do so.

I have no idea where this material has been stowed for the last hundred years. I trust that whoever recently published it confirmed the authenticity of it. If it is for real, I would certainly have liked to have had it when doing my dissertation at the University of Colorado--Boulder and the subsequent book on the strike and the state's involvement. Quite frankly, I am not abit surprised at what the affidavit reveals. And you also mention supportive documents. If it is not too much trouble, I would be grateful it you would forward those when you have transcribed them. I am no longer involved in researching and writing about the strike but I am extremely interested in new discoveries concerning the subject.

Thank you again for passing on this extremely interesting information. And good luck in your investigation of the labor troubles. How good it is to know that with all the anti-union, anti-labor activites occurring today, someone continues to think labor an important enough subject to spend time on it.

George G. Suggs, Jr.

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