Combination Mountainman/Journalist
Ruxton chronicles manifest destiny
By Rob Carrigan, robcarrigan1@gmail,com
He spoke with authority about beaver, and Indians, wildlife, and the men who lived that singular existence. Much of what he wrote is nothing but a mist from ghosts of times past, collectively interspersed with familiar, durable items from the modern West of today.
George Frederick Augustus Ruxton was a sort of combination journalist/mountainman observing the westward expansion of the United States in the 1840s, a period when the country's government was pursuing its policy of manifest destiny. He was the first author to write "extensively" of the mountain men of the Rocky Mountains. He wrote articles Life in the Far West for Blackwood's Magazine, using the pen name "La Bonté."
And he wrote about Colorado, before there was such a place. From Adventures in Mexico and the Rocky Mountains by George F. Ruxton, Esq. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. 1847.
Ruxton, a British explorer and travel writer, had been a lieutenant in the British Army, receiving a medal for gallantry
from Queen Isabella II of Spain, and became known for his work as a hunter and explorer and published
papers and books about his travels to Africa, Canada, Mexico and the
United States.
"I must confess that the very happiest moments of my life have been spent
in the wilderness of the Far West; and I never recall, but with
pleasure, the remembrance of my solitary camp in the Bayou Salade [Salt valley of South Park, Colorado],
with no friend near me more faithful than my rifle, and no companions
more sociable than my good horse and mules, or the attendant cayute
which nightly serenaded us. With a plentiful supply of dry pine-logs on
the fire, and its cheerful blaze streaming far up into the sky,
illuminating the valley far and near, and, pipe in mouth, watch the blue
smoke as it curled upwards, building castles in the vapoury wreaths,
and, in the fantastic shapes it assumed, peopling the solitude with
figures of those far away ... I believe not one instance could be
adduced of even the most polished and civilised of men, who had once
tasted the sweets of its attendant liberty, and freedom from every
worldly care, not regretting the moment when he exchanged it for the
monotonous life of the settlements, nor sighing and sighing again once
more to partake of its pleasures and allurements."
To many locally, his work is familiar as he writes of the area near Pikes Peak, and the Manitou Springs area.
"The mountains are full of grizzly bears, but, whether they had not yet left their
winter-quarters thus early in the season, I saw but one or two tracks, one of which I followed
unsuccessfully for many miles over the wildest part of the mountains, into the Bayou
Salado. Whilst intent upon the trail, a clattering as of a regiment of cavalry immediately
behind me made me bring my rifle to the ready, thinking that a whole nation of mounted
Indians were upon me; but, looking back, a band of upwards of a hundred elk were
dashing past, looking like a herd of mules, and in their passage down the mountain
carrying with them a perfect avalanche of rocks and stones. I killed another deer on my
return close to camp, which I reached, packing in the meat on my back, long after dark,
and found the animals, which received me with loud neighs of recognition and welcome,
with well-filled bellies, taking their evening drink at the springs."
"I spent here a very pleasant time, and my animals began soon to improve upon the
mountain-grass. Game was very abundant; indeed, I had far more meat than I possibly
required; but the surplus I hung up to jerk, as now the sun was getting powerful enough
for that process," he continues, about the area that was not even part the nation yet.
"I explored all the valleys and cañons of the mountains, and even meditated an
expedition to the summit of Pike's Peak, where mortal foot has never yet trod. No dread
of Indians crossed my mind, probably because I had remained so long unmolested; and
I was so perfectly contented that I had even selected a camping-ground where I
intended to remain two or three months, and probably should be at the present
moment, if I had not got into a "scrape."'
"The bears latterly began to move, and their tracks became more frequent. One day I
was hunting just at the foot of the Peak, when a large she-bear jumped out of a patch of
cedars where she had been lying, and with a loud grunt charged up the mountain, and,
dodging amongst the rocks, prevented my getting a crack at her. She was very old, and
the grizzliest of the grizzly. She was within a few feet of me when I first saw her. It was
unluckily nearly dark, or I should have followed and probably killed her, for they seldom
run far, particularly at this season, when they are lank and weak"
He explains the context.
"One day as I was following a band of deer over the broken ground to the eastward of
the mountain, I came suddenly upon an Indian camp, with the fire still smouldering, and
dried meat hanging on the trees. Robinson Crusoe could not have been more
thoroughly disgusted at the sight of the "footprint in the sand," than was I at this
inopportune discovery. I had anticipated a month or two's undisturbed hunting in this
remote spot, and now it was out of the question to imagine that the Indians would leave
me unmolested. I presently saw two Indians, carrying a deer between them, emerge
from the timber bordering the creek, whom I knew at once by their dress to be
Arapahos. As, however, my camp was several miles distant, I still hoped that they had
not yet discovered its locality, and continued my hunt that day, returning late in the
evening to my solitary encampment.
"The next morning I removed the animals and packs to a prairie a little lower down the
stream, which, although nearer the Indian camp, was almost hidden from view, being
enclosed by pine-ridges and ragged buttes, and entered by a narrow gap filled with a
dense growth of brush. When I had placed them in security, and taken the precaution to
fasten them all to strong picket-pins, with a sufficient length of rope to enable them to
feed at ease, and at the same time prevent them straying back to the springs, I again
sallied out to hunt."
And like visitors and residents today, the specter of fire was always here.
"A little before sunrise I descended the mountain to the springs, and, being very tired,
after taking a refreshing draught of the cold water I lay down on the rock by the side of
the water and fell fast asleep. When I awoke the sun had already set; but although
darkness was fast gathering over the mountain, I was surprised to see a bright light
flickering against its sides. A glance assured me that the mountain was on fire, and,
starting up, I saw at once the danger of my position. The bottom had been fired about a
mile below the springs, and but a short distance from where I had secured my animals.
A dense cloud of smoke was hanging over the gorge, and presently, a light air springing
up from the east, a mass of flame shot up into the sky and rolled fiercely up the stream,
the belt of dry brush on its banks catching fire and burning like tinder. The mountain
was already invaded by the devouring element, and two wings of flame spread out from
the main stream, which roaring along the bottom with the speed of a racehorse, licked
the mountain-side, extending its long line as it advanced. The dry pines and cedars
hissed and cracked, as the flame, reaching them, ran up their trunks, and spread
amongst the limbs, whilst the long waving grass underneath was a sea of fire. From the
rapidity with which the fire advanced I feared that it would already have reached my
animals, and hurried at once to the spot as fast as I could run. The prairie itself was as
yet untouched, but the surrounding, ridges were clothed in fire, and the mules, with
stretched ropes, were trembling with fear. Throwing the saddle on my horse, and the
pack on the steadiest mule, I quickly mounted, leaving on the ground a pile of meat,
which I had not time to carry with me."
He tells of his hurried escape.
"The fire had already gained the prairie, and its long, dry grass was soon a sheet of
flame, but, worse than all, the gap through which I had to retreat was burning. Setting
spurs into Panchito's sides, I dashed him at the burning bush, and, though his mane
and tail were singed in the attempt, he gallantly charged through it. Looking back, I saw
the mules huddled together on the other side, and evidently fearing to pass the blazing
barrier. As, however, to stop would have been fatal, I dashed on, but before I had
proceeded twenty yards my old hunting mule, singed and smoking, was at my side, and
the others close behind her,"wrote Ruxton.
"On all sides I was surrounded by fire. The whole scenery was illuminated, the peaks
and distant ridges being as plainly visible as at noonday. The bottom was a roaring
mass of flame, but on the other side, the prairie being more bare of cedar-bushes, the
fire was less fierce and presented the only way of escape. To reach it, however, the
creek had to be crossed, and the bushes on the banks were burning fiercely, which
rendered it no easy matter; moreover, the edges were coated above the water with
thick ice, which rendered it still more difficult. I succeeded in pushing Panchito into the
stream, but, in attempting to climb the opposite bank, a blaze of fire was puffed into his
face, which caused him to rear on end, and, his hind feet flying away from him at the
same moment on the ice, he fell backwards into the middle of the stream, and rolled
over me in the deepest water. Panchito rose on his legs and stood trembling with
affright in the middle of the stream, whilst I dived and groped for my rifle, which had
slipped from my hands, and of course had sunk to the bottom. After a search of some
minutes I found it, and, again mounting, made another attempt to cross a little farther
down, in which I succeeded, and, followed by the mules, dashed through the fire and
got safely through the line of blazing brush."
"Once in safety, I turned in my saddle and had leisure to survey the magnificent
spectacle. The fire had extended at least three miles on each side the stream, and the
mountain was one sheet of flame. A comparatively thin line marked the progress of the
devouring element, which, as there was no wind to direct its course, burned on all
sides, actually roaring as it went," writes Ruxton.
"I had from the first no doubt but that the fire was caused by the Indians, who had
probably discovered my animals, but, thinking that a large party of hunters might be out,
had taken advantage of a favorable wind to set fire to the bottom, hoping to secure the
horse and mules in the confusion, without the risk of attacking the camp. Once or twice
I felt sure that I saw dark figures running about near where I had seen the Indian camp
the previous day, and just as I had charged through the gap I heard a loud yell, which
was answered by another at a little distance.
Singularly enough, just as I had got through the blazing line, a breeze sprang up from
the westward and drove the fire after me, and I had again to beat a hasty retreat before
it. (This fire extended into the prairie, towards the waters of the Platte, upwards of forty
miles, and for fourteen days its glare was visible on the Arkansa, fifty miles distant.)
The raging fire left an impression on this world traveler.
"I encamped six or seven miles from the springs, and, whilst proceeding down the creek,
deer and antelope continually crossed and re-crossed the trail, some in their affright
running back into the very jaws of the fire. As soon as I had secured the animals, I
endeavored to get my rifle into shooting order, but the water had so thoroughly
penetrated and swelled the patching round the balls, that it was a long time before I
succeeded in cleaning one barrel, the other defying all my attempts. This was a serious
accident, as I could not but anticipate a visit from the Indians if they discovered the
camp.
"All this time the fire was spreading out into the prairies, and, creeping up the "divide,"
was already advancing upon me. It extended at least five miles on the left bank of the
creek, and on the right was more slowly creeping up the mountain-side; while the brush
and timber in the bottom was one body of flame. Besides the long sweeping line of the
advancing flame, the plateaus on the mountain-side, and within the line, were burning
in every direction, as the squalls and eddies down the gullies drove the fire to all points.
"The mountains themselves being invisible, the air, from the low ground where I then
was, appeared a mass of fire, and huge crescents of flame danced as it were in the
very sky, until a mass of timber blazing at once exhibited the sombre background of the
stupendous mountains," he said.
"I had scarcely slept an hour when huge clouds of smoke rolling down the bottom
frightened the animals, whose loud whinnying awoke me, and, half suffocated by the
dense smoke which hung heavily in the atmosphere, I again retreated before the fire,
which was rapidly advancing: and this time I did not stop until I had placed thirty or forty
miles between me and the enemy. I then encamped in a thickly-timbered bottom on the
Fontaine-qui-bouille, where the ground, which had been burned by the hunters in the
winter, was studded like a wheat-field with green grass. On this the animals fared
sumptuously for several days - better, indeed, than I did myself, for game was very
scarce, and in such poor condition as to be almost uneatable. While encamped on this
stream, the wolves infested the camp to that degree, that I could scarcely leave my
saddles for a few minutes on the ground without finding the straps of rawhide gnawed
to pieces; and one night the hungry brutes ate up all the ropes which were tied on the
necks of the animals and trailed along the ground: they were actually devoured to within
a yard of the mules' throats," but in escape, he felt a sort of survivor's pride.
"One evening a wolf came into camp as I was engaged cleaning my rifle, one barrel of
which was still unserviceable, and a long hickory wiping-stick in it at the time. As I was
hidden by a tree, the wolf approached the fire within a few feet, and was soon tugging
away at an apishamore or saddle-cloth of buffalo calfskin which lay on the ground.
Without dreaming that the rifle would go off, I put a cap on the useless barrel, and,
holding it out across my knee in a line with the wolf, snap-ph-i-zz-bang went the charge
of damp powder, much to my astonishment, igniting the stick which remained in the
barrel, and driving it like a fiery comet against the ribs of the beast, who, yelling with
pain, darted into the prairie at the top of his speed, his singed hair smoking as he ran."
From Adventures in Mexico and the Rocky Mountains by George F. Ruxton, Esq. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. 1847.
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