Legacy lives on in Colorado’s culture and economy
By Rob Carrigan, robcarrigan1@gmail.com
When I was a youngster, back in the early 1970s, I suffered a fair amount of grief for collectively looking somewhat like John Denver and being from Colorado. Though Denver, (Henry John Deutschendorf Jr.) was not originally from here, he claimed he was born in the summer of his 27th year —and as the song goes — he got here as soon as he could.
He lived in Aspen for much of his life where he was known for his love of Colorado. In 1974, Denver was named poet laureate of the state. The Colorado state legislature also adopted "Rocky Mountain High" as one of its two state songs in 2007.
Starting the 1970s, he was one of the most popular acoustic artists of the decade and one of its best-selling.
By 1974, he was one of America's best-selling performers. Denver recorded and released nearly 300 songs, almost 200 of which he composed. He became associated with various causes as an actor, activist, and humanitarian, and sang about his joy in nature, his disdain for city life, his enthusiasm for music, and other such Colorado aligned endeavors. I suppose he could be considered a "hippie," and not surprising, associated with other components of the subculture.
Colorado already had some built up "street cred" in the history of hippie history and happenings.
The Beat Generation, especially those associated with the San Francisco Renaissance, gradually gave way to the 1960s era counterculture. Beat generation staples Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, Neal Cassady and Ken Kesey, all had Colorado ties.
History Colorado, the state's historical society, looked back at
1968 recently, a year that was pivotal for the country and Colorado. Robert
Kennedy and Martin Luther King were both assassinated that year. There
were calls in Colorado to end school segregation. More than 200
Coloradans died in Vietnam as anti-war protests and sit-ins occurred at
colleges around the state. One state senator decried what she called
Colorado's "hippie problem."
"The hippies, as they were labeled,
were out to change the world -- and they did in some ways. Those
post-World War II baby boomers challenged the status quo and their
legacy lives on in Colorado’s culture and economy," says the history organization.
Drop City a magnet for hippies nationwide
B.
Erin Cole, an assistant state historian, traced the rise of hippie
culture to several places in Colorado, including a tiny bohemian
artists' settlement that began five decades ago in 1965 near Trinidad.
It was dubbed Drop City, a name that came not from dropping out or
dropping acid, but from “drop art” -- where artists actually dropped
things, like small painted rocks, from buildings and then watched people
for their puzzled reactions. Colorado artist Clark Richert, one of Drop
City’s founders, was inspired to build domes on the site after
hearing neo-futuristic architect Buckminster Fuller talk at the
University of Colorado.
"We had the idea of that we would create
a community,” Richert says. “That we would buy some land and build some
buildings on the property and it would be a work of drop art in itself.
The buildings that we built were very colorful and very conspicuous and
attention-getting, so we did have a lot of people driving by and
visiting us. So they would look at our buildings but we would look at
them.”
By 1968, Drop City had grown. It received national attention from
Life and
Time magazines and from reporters around the world.
Cole
says those who came to live in the Trinidad commune were enticed by
cheap land, Colorado vistas, and the idea that life could be an artistic
statement. Who came?
“People who want to drop out of society;
who are really inspired by the counter-cultural ideal, come to these
places and in some ways destroy them just by being there too much,” she
says. In 1973, Drop City was shut down for sanitary reasons.
Hippies in the cities
There
were other hippie cafes and communal houses in the cities, including in
Denver’s Capitol Hill and around Boulder’s University Hill and Pearl
Street. And that led to clashes. Cowboys from the stock show clashed
with hippies in Denver. And state Sen. Allegra Saunders, a Democrat,
raised concerns about the hippie lifestyle; Cole says Saunders
cited concerns about runaways and the safety of infants living in hippie
houses. Such worries, and accounts in local newspapers, left the
impression that hippies as a group were filthy troublemakers.
Yet
the hippie legacy endured. For instance, Cole notes that “hippie
capitalists” helped shape Colorado’s economy, from the rise of natural
foods to the embrace of new art. And music by artists like John Denver
helped shape the view of Colorado as a beautiful and open place for a
generation.
Drop City forms
Drop City was a counterculture artists' community that formed in southern Colorado in 1965. Abandoned by the early 1970s, Drop City became known as the first rural "hippie commune."
In 1965, the four original founders, Gene Bernofsky ("Curly"), JoAnn Bernofsky ("Jo"), Richard Kallweit ("Lard"), and Clark Richert ("Clard"), art students and filmmakers from the University of Kansas and University of Colorado, bought a 7-acre (28,000 m
2) tract of land about four miles (6 km) north of Trinidad, in southeastern Colorado.
Their intention was to create a live-in work of Drop Art,
continuing an art concept they had developed earlier at the University
of Kansas. Drop Art (sometimes called "droppings") was informed by the
"happenings" of Allan Kaprow and the impromptu performances, a few years earlier, of John Cage, Robert Rauschenberg, and Buckminster Fuller, at Black Mountain College.
As Drop City gained notoriety in the 1960s underground, people from around the world came to stay and work on the construction projects. Inspired by the architectural ideas of Buckminster Fuller and Steve Baer, residents constructed domes and zonohedra to house themselves, using geometric panels made from the metal of automobile
roofs and other inexpensive materials. In 1967 the group, now
consisting of 10 core people, won Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion award
for their constructions. The Firesign Theatre
folks had a commercial—"kids, tear the top off your daddy's car, and
send it, together with 10 cents in cash or coin, to Drop City,
Colorado..."
Hippies Pour into Boulder
Also June 13, 1968, nationally syndicated newspaper articles noted that “hundreds of hippies” were pouring into Boulder. The long-haired
drug users claimed that two days later, an asteroid would hit the planet
and the world would end—-but Boulder was one of the few places where
people would be safe.
According to a reporter, Boulder-area residents were “more disturbed
by the hippies themselves than the possible end of the world.”
The Camera picked up the story the next day with the headline,
“Hippies waiting for collision with Icarus.” A man who gave his name as
“John the Freak” said that he and his friends were praying that
California would not slide into the sea, wrote Silvia Pettem, a historian for the Daily Camera.
“Flower children” had convened in San Francisco the previous year in
what was known as the “summer of love,” and the Vietnam War fueled a
societal unrest. Mixed in with peace and love were drugs—both marijuana
and hard-core hallucinogens—-which transient hippies brought to Boulder
County in 1968.
The youths hitchhiked to the foothills west of Boulder and camped in
makeshift shelters and plastic lean-tos on U.S. Forest Service land.
According to the Camera, Sheriff officials conducted “search-and-scatter
missions” and made numerous arrests.
The Boulder Police Department faced a similar situation in the city,
as merchants complained of drug use, loitering, pan-handling, and
vagrancy.
"By this time, heroin had become readily available, dogs and
barefooted transients slept in the doorways of business establishments,
and members of the so-called “STP family” openly sniffed glue on the
street."
By August 1969, fed-up Boulder residents also had to deal with loud
music and a lack of sanitation in Central Park, so City Manager Ted
Tedesco banned outdoor “concerts” in an attempt to get rid of the hippie
element.
According to reports, Boulder Police Chief Donald Vendel then received a threat from the
hippies saying that they intended to openly defy the ban. The chief
stationed a dozen uniformed officers in the park, with thirty more
waiting across the street in the Municipal Building.
"The culture-clash came to a head when the American Civil Liberties
Union represented what the Camera called “anti-police, pro-hippie
sentiments” and hurled charges of hippie harassment, claiming that cops
ran hippies out of Central Park for no reason, and they jailed bearded
men because their dogs were unlicensed," says Pettem.
Long-time locals were outraged. In a letter to the police chief, a
Boulder businessman wrote, “The problem isn’t hippie civil rights, it is
civil rights for people whose senses are offended by objectionable
dress, behavior, in most cases aroma. If visitors to this city don’t
wish to comply with standards that are obvious in their manifestation by
the local citizens, then they can get the hell out.”
The culture clash continued for years, even after the end-of-the-world threat was over.
wrote Silvia Pettem.
"Between 1960 and 1970, the city grew from 37,718 to 66,870, or by 70
percent. By 1975, the estimated population for the city of Boulder was
81,900, an overall increase from 1960 of 44,182, or 117 percent… By
1970, 55 percent of a much larger city were under 24 years of age, split
fifty-fifty at age 18. More than a quarter of the town’s population was
between 18 and 24. In 1970, the town’s median age was 23.5 years.”
Boulder residents were angry about loud music and lack
of sanitation in Central Park. In response, outdoor concerts were
banned.
In the summer of 1970, an anonymous letter circulated in Boulder
calling for vigilante action against the outsiders. People were to
gather at Central Park on July 4th with clubs, shovels or any kind of
weapon to “clean up the city.”
Fortunately, the mob attack never
happened.
Police got tougher
Cops got tougher on hitch hikers, raided the Hill Youth Hostel
and punished loiterers blocking sidewalks with fines that could be as
high as $300 or 90 days in jail. Two people were ticketed for patching
their clothes with parts of an American flag.
On May 1971, police carried out a round-up of “street people” on the
Hill for obstructing sidewalks, disorderly conduct, interference with a
police officer and use of obscene language. At the end of these sweeps,
both the city and county jails were overflowing.
This provoked a riot. Patrol cars were rolled and one of them was set
on fire. Damage and theft losses for 18 businesses totaled nearly
$50,000.
Hippies continue to arrive
But hippies continued to arrive in Colorado and collect in the mountain towns and valleys, Aspen, Telluride, Dunton, Manitou Springs, Old Colorado City, Crested Butte, Breckenridge, and beyond. And songs had a life of their own.
"John Denver was treasured by the boomer generation. They
put him alongside George Burns in "Oh God" and they tried to hook their
kids, with some success, on "Annie's Song." ... By all accounts, Henry John Deutschendorf Jr., son of an
Air Force pilot, was in life what he was on stage: a lovable hippie
environmentalist who sang from the heart and thanked God he was a
country boy," wrote
Frank Pellegriniin in Time magazine on the eve of Denver's death.
Photo information:
1. Iconic photo of Drop City and one of the geodesic domes.
2. Boulder residents also had to deal with loud
music and a lack of sanitation in Central Park, so City Manager Ted
Tedesco banned outdoor “concerts” in an attempt to get rid of the hippie
element. Photo by Boulder Daily Camera.
2. Photo of John Denver in 1974.
3. Photo of Rob Carrigan in the early 1970s.
High marks for story telling
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